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101.
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In this paper, the four-dimensional variational data assimilation technique (4D-VAR) is presented as a tool to forecast floods. Our study is limited to purely hydrological flows and supposes that the weather, here a big rain, has been already forecasted by meteorological services. The technique consists in minimizing, in the sense of Lagrange, the cost function: a measure of the difference between calculated data and available observations, here the water level. This is done under constraints that are the equations of the physical model. In our case, we modified the shallow-water equations to include a simplified sediment transport model. The steepest descent algorithm is then used to find the minimum. This is made possible because we can compute analytically the gradient of the cost function by using the adjoint equations of the model. As an application of the 4D-VAR technique, the overflowing of the Chicoutimi River at the Chute-Garneau dam, during the 1996 flood, is investigated. It is found that the 4D-VAR method reduces the error in the water height forecast even when the erosion model is not activated. In terms of Lyapunov exponents, we estimate the predictability horizon of such an event to be about half-an-hour after a big rain. However, this limit of predictability can be increased by using more observations or by using a finer computational grid. 相似文献
103.
地壳由半无限大的基岩上一层厚度为H^-的表土层组成,入射地震波为垂直的SH波,产生水平地面运动。当浅源大地震发生时,在极震区以外行波传播产生地面运动将使地壳介质有非线性的有限弹性变形。用小参数摄动法使非线性控制方程为线性化的小参数各阶控制方程,得出头两阶线性控制方程的解析解。 相似文献
104.
利用二维DLT及光束法平差进行数字摄像机标定 总被引:34,自引:5,他引:34
利用共线方程和二维DLT之间的对应关系导出了由二维DLT的8个参数表达的主纵线方程式,讨论了主点初值和求解方法,给出了单张像片摄像机参数分解不惟一性及临界序列的证明,详细推导了利用二维DLT参数分解摄像机外方位元素初值的实用算法,论述了利用光束法平差进行摄像机标定的数学模型,实际图像数据实验取得了很好的结果,验证了本文所提出的摄像机标定算法的可行性。 相似文献
105.
Dynamic faulting under rate-dependent friction 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We discuss the effects of rate-dependent friction on the propagation of seismic rupture on active faults. Several physicists using Burridge and Knopoff's box and spring model of faulting have proposed that fault complexity may arise from the spontaneous development of a self-similar stress distribution on the fault plane. If this model proves to be correct, it has important consequences for the origin of the complexity of seismic sources. In order to test these ideas on a more realistic earthquake model, we developed a new boundary integral equation method for studying rupture propagation along an antiplane fault in the presence of nonlinear rate-dependent friction. We study rupture dynamics of models with single and twin asperities. In our models, asperities are places on the fault with a higher value of prestress. Othewise all fault parameters are homogeneous. We show that for models with such asperities, a slip velocity weakening friction leads to the propagation of supersonic healing phases and to the spontaneous arrest of fracture if the prestress outside the asperities is low enough. For models with asperities, we can also observe narrow slip velocity pulses, qualitatively similar to the so-called Heaton pulses observed in some earthquake accelerograms. We also observe a complex distribution of stress after the rupture that depends on details of the initial distribution of asperities and on the details of the friction law. 相似文献
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The implicit nonlinear normal mode initialization (INMI) is applied to a tropical limited area shallow water modelin spherical coordinates.The boundary condition for the INMI scheme is based on the boundary formulation of themodel.The INMI scheme is found to be very efficient in suppressing spurious gravity wave oscillation and providing awell balanced initial data set for the model.The INMI scheme involves solving a number of elliptic type equations withvarying complexity.and hence an efficient numerical technique is required for solving such equations.In order to makeINMI computationally more attractive,we are employing the multigrid method for solving all the elliptic type equationsin the INMI scheme.The numerical procedures for the development of such multigrid solvers are briefly described. 相似文献
109.
用切贝谢夫配点法求解地球自振常微分方程组,无需进一步改化即可消除这组方程在地心处的奇异性,并能获得高精度的结果 相似文献
110.
GPS载波相位三差观测方程的改化 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文根据相关测量平差原理推导出改化GPS载波相位三差观测方程的算法,使改化后的协因数呈分块对角体。这种改化算法不但顾及观测值的相关性,而且节省大量的存储单元。使采用严密平差法平差三差观测值成为一种最简单的数据处理方法之一。 相似文献